Soil Exhaustion in the Tobacco South

Historian Avery O. Craven, in Soil Exhaustion in the Agricultural History of Virginia and Maryland, 1606-1860 1926 , maintained that soil exhaustion and tobacco cultivation went hand in hand.10 Tobacco rapidly depleted the soil, hence luxuriant crops could be grown for only three or four years. Soon after planting, soil nutrients especially nitrogen and potassium began to decline and soil microorganisms created toxins that poisoned tobacco plants. Soil fungi and root rot resulted from continual...

Acknowledgments For Air Pollution

I would like to thank, above all, the scientists who have dedicated their lives to the study of the Earth, especially those engaged in the important work of understanding how human activities are impacting the planet. Many thanks to the staff of Facts On File and Chelsea House for their guidance and editing expertise Frank Darmstadt, Executive Editor Brian Belval, Senior Editor and Leigh Ann Cobb, independent developmental editor.

Methanol and Dimethyl Ether as Diesel Fuels Substitute in Compression Ignition Engines

Methanol, when combusted, does not produce smoke, soot or particulates. Parti-culate matter - whether carcinogenic compounds are absorbed onto them, or not - have been identified as a significant health hazard, especially in large cities. Diesel fuel generally produces particles during combustion. This, and the fact that methanol produces very low emissions of NOx because it burns at lower temperatures, makes methanol attractive as a substitute for diesel fuel 123 . Diesel engines are quite...

Methanol Storage and Distribution

In parallel to the development of methanol-fueled vehicles, a widespread distribution network for methanol will have to be established to make it as easily available for the consumer as are petroleum-based fuels today. While the passage from ICE to fuel cell-powered methanol vehicles represents a radical technological change, the development of a fueling infrastructure to fuel them is not.

How To Transplant Moringa Trees And Seedlings | Transplanting Moringa

Whether you want to move moringa seedlings out to the garden, or if you need to learn how to transplant moringa trees , I've got you The best thing about moringa is that it can be grown in containers, raised beds, or even in an in-ground garden bed. After you've planted trees, sometimes you wish that you would have planted them elsewhere. That's why I want to talk about how to transplant moringa trees today so that you can feel a little better about doing so if you need to.

Statistical Meteorology

Numerical weather prediction was not the only forecasting technique to face opposition in the 1950s. Meteorologists who advocated the use of statistics as a prediction tool also confronted significant opposition from their synoptic meteorology colleagues. The synopticians those meteorologists who met the daily challenge of preparing weather forecasts viewed statistical methods with virtually the same disdain with which they had viewed the dynamic meteorology of Vilhelm Bjerknes some 50 years...

Overutilization Of Other Natural Resources

More nonfuel mineral resources have been consumed worldwide during the half century since the end of World War II than during all preceding human history Wellmer amp Kursten, 1992 . Whether this should be considered overutilization can be debated because estimates of remaining reserves are crude and have tended to increase along with consumption Hodges, 1995 . However, it seems clear that a rapidly accelerating rate of consumption cannot continue indefinitely, although projected population...

A Brief History of Alternative Fuels

The history of alternative fuels goes back to the very first days of the car industry. In 1900, more than half the cars were running on ethanol, steam, and electricity.9 Many of Karl Benz's early diesel engines ran on peanut oil, a biofuel. Henry Ford's first car ran on alcohol, and his wife, Clara, drove an electric vehicle. Thomas Edison invested considerable time and money in improving batteries. Electric vehicles were the safest, quietest cars on the road. Back then, petroleum fuels were...

Fordism and flexible accumulation

The first of these shifts is the transition from 'Fordism' to 'post-Fordism' or 'flexible accumulation'. This terminology comes from what is usually known as the 'regulation school' Aglietta, 1979 . The focus of this school is on the mechanisms by which capitalist society is reproduced. They identify two areas in which this operates the regime of accumulation, and the mode of regulation. The first of these refers to the way in which, over the long term, a parallel development is achieved...

Capsaicin – Spice, Medicine and Pepper Spray

Some people tend to use the terms capsaicin and oleoresin capsicum interchangeably. They're not the same.Capsaicin The most commonly mentioned of the capsaicinoids. All hot peppers contain capsaicinoids. Natural substances that produce a burning sensation in the mouth or on the skin, causing the eyes to water and the nose to run, and even induce perspiration. Capsaicinoids have no flavor or odor, but act directly on the pain receptors.

If Global Temperatures Rose six degrees What Would Happen

Climate models, cited in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC Third Assessment Report, projected that global temperatures could rise by as much as 10.4 F 5.8 C by the end of the twenty-first century. To find out what would happen if the world warmed by that much, journalist Mark Lynas read thousands of scientific papers dealing with how climate change affected life on Earth in the past. The result of his work was a book entitled Six Degrees.

Open and closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion

The siting of an OTEC plant, either onshore or offshore, represents one of the key decision for any proposed project. The other key decision is the type of cycle to use. There are two principle options, an open cycle plant or a closed cycle plant. Hybrids of the two have also been proposed. A closed cycle OTEC plant employs a thermodynamic fluid such as ammonia or a refrigerant like freon. This is contained in a completely closed system including the plant turbine.

A DIY Solar Ice Maker Perfect For Those Times When The Power Goes Out, Or Off Grid Living

Now you can make ice for those times when your power goes out, or for off grid living, or you just want to save money on your electric bill. This solar powered ice maker is fast, and easy to set up, and you'll be making ice in no time flat. Once you have the parts all you really need to do is plug it in. You can get all the items you need for this DIY project from stores near you, or online. This solar ice maker can be run via two 45 Watt '3 panel sets' from Harbor Freight Tools (Google it).

4 Types Of Sand Dunes

Most people think of sand dunes when they hear the word dune. However, a dune is any landmass created by deposited material that forms a low mound or ridge of sediment. Dunes can be formed by sediments of different sizes or even snow. They are formed when wind blows sediments, mostly from the same direction, until it encounters an obstruction of some sort. The wind slows and drops the heavier particles, which then build up and add to the size of the original obstruction.

Off Grid Home Size Earth Generator

If SHTF, and the grid goes down it's nice to know that if you had to start all over again you could generate electricity with some simple materials. This video shows you how the concept for making a dirt powered home size earth generator using only cheap conductor metals, dirt and water. These power cells for this earth generator could be placed in both parallel and series to produce usable power for your home. If you want to be off grid this may give you some great ideas.

The Effects Of Acid Rain On Forests And Agriculture

Sulfuric and nitric acids are detrimental to all plant life. Even if the soil is well-buffered, forests can be damaged by acid fog. Acid deposition of all sorts ruins the waxy coatings of leaves, harming the tree's ability to exchange water and gases with the atmosphere. Trees weakened by acid experience slower growth or injury and are more vulnerable to stresses such as pests or drought.

Internal and External Recycling

Most people associate recycling with items such as newspapers, magazines, plastics, aluminum, and glass. The recovery, reprocessing, and reuse of materials from used items is called external recycling and requires public participation. A second type of recycling, internal recycling, is the reuse of waste materials from manufacturing and does not involve the general public. For example, the manufacture production of copper items results in wasted copper pieces with internal recycling, these...

Glacial Till and Moraines

Rock pulverized by shifting ice is gathered and carried downhill as the glacier moves. As temperatures increase and or a great distance is traveled, the glacial ice begins to melt. When this happens, rock is deposited as a sediment called glacial till. Large boulders picked up in one place and dropped in another by a glacier are called erratics since their composition doesn't usually match surrounding rock where they are found. When glacial till becomes rock lithifies , it is known as tillite,...

A Laws Of Horizontal Motion

There are four controls on the horizontal movement of air near the earth's surface the pressure-gradient force, the Coriolis force, centripetal acceleration, and frictional forces. The primary cause of air movement is the development of a horizontal pressure gradient through spatial differences in surface heating and consequent changes in air density and pressure. The fact that such a gradient can persist rather than being destroyed by air motion towards the low pressure results from the effect...

Foods to Hoard - The Master List of Foods to Hoard

What is the single most important detail of hoarding food Storing food that will stand the test of time. Right Shelf life is extremely important, when compiling your list of Foods to Hoard . You want them to last many, many years. Foods to Hoard ListSuggested shelf life varies with products, brands, packaging and more. I've linked to a couple of resources, at the bottom of this post, that have varying suggestions.

Attendee List

Nissan Technical Center North America Massachusetts Institute of Technology California Environmental Protection Agency International Council on Clean Transportation California Institute for Energy amp Environment Cambridge Energy Research Association Metropolitan Transportation Commission Association of International Automobile Manufacturers Asilomar Attendee List 2005 cont'd Asilomar Attendee List 2005 cont'd U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Center for Climate Change and Environmental U.S....

Molten carbonate fuel cells

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

The MCFC has an electrolyte which is composed of a mixture of carbonate salts.5 These are solid at room temperature but at the cell operating temperature of 650 C, they have become liquid. Work on high-temperature MCFCs began during the 1950s. The US army tested cells during the 1960s and in the 1970s the US Department of Energy began to support research. Japanese companies also picked up the technology. By the end of the 1990s pilot units of up to 250 kW had been tested, mainly in the USA....

An overview of the GCubed multicountry model

The G-Cubed multi-country model was developed by McKibbin and Wilcoxen (1993a) and has been updated in McKibbin and Wilcoxen (1998). It is an intertemporal general equilibrium model. It combines the approach taken in the earlier research of McKibbin and Sachs (1991) in the McKibbin-Sachs Global model (MSG model) with the disaggregated, econometrically-estimated, intertemporal general equilibrium model of the US economy by Jorgenson and Wilcoxen (1990). G-Cubed has been constructed to contribute...

Building a sustainable housing movement

Building Low Impact Roundhouse

While there is clearly an urgent need for new technologies and designs, it is also true that there are many technologies already in use, albeit on a small scale, which can deliver low- or zero-carbon homes, and some of these form the focus of this chapter. Many are descended from an earlier wave of sustainable housing activism and development, prompted by the 1970s environmental movement and the 'Limits To Growth' hypothesis (Meadows et al., 1972), and later boosted by the push for greater...

Fundamentals Of Dendroclimatology

Resin Duct Wood

A cross section of most temperate forest trees will show an alternation of lighter and darker bands, each of which is usually continuous around the tree circumference. These are seasonal growth increments produced by meristematic tissues in the tree's cambium. When viewed in detail Fig. 10.1 it is clear that they are made up of sequences of large, thin-walled cells earlywood and more densely packed, thick-walled cells latewood . Collectively, each couplet of earlywood and latewood comprises an...

The frontalwave depression

Initial Stage Mid Latitude Cyclones

A depression also termed a low or cyclone see Note 2 is an area of relatively low pressure, with a more or less circular isobaric pattern. It covers an area 1500 to 3000 km in diameter and usually has a life span of four to seven days. Systems with these characteristics, which are prominent on daily weather maps, are referred to as synoptic-scale features. The mid-latitude depression is usually associated with the convergence of contrasting Figure 9.7 Four stages in the typical development of a...

Atmospheric Energy And Horizontal Heat Transport

Poleward Heat Transfer

So far, we have given an account of the earth's heat budget and its components. We have already referred to two forms of energy internal or heat energy, due to the motion of individual air molecules, and latent energy, which is released by condensation of water vapour. Two other forms of energy are important geopotential energy due to gravity and height above the surface, and kinetic energy associated with air motion. Geopotential and internal energy are interrelated, since the addition of heat...

Visualizing Erosion and Deposition in a Meander

Erosion And Deposition

Figure 9.15 As the water travels down a meander, the area of maximum velocity changes. As shown in cross-section A, when the meander is straight, the maximum velocity is located near the center. When the meander curves, the maximum velocity shifts to the outside of the curve, as shown in cross-section B. As the meander travels around to cross-section C, the maximum velocity shifts again to the outside of the curve. Erosion occurs around curves in the meander in areas of high velocity. The high...

Lakes and Freshwater Wetlands

Chemistry Eutrophication Pictures

As the amount of water changes and the amount of sediments increases, lakes can be transformed into wetlands and eventually into dry land. Real-World Reading Link Have you ever felt the bottom of a lake with your feet It was probably soft and squishy from deposits of fine sediments. Lakes and ponds receive materials that are carried by rivers from upland areas. Over time, accumulation of these sediments changes the characteristics of the lake. Natural lakes, bodies of water surrounded by land,...

Movement and Storage of Groundwater

Zone Saturation

N dSS Groundwater reservoirs provide water to streams and wetlands wherever the water table intersects the surface of the ground. Real-World Reading Link Have you ever noticed that a stream flows even when it has not rained in a long time Rainfall contributes to the flow in a stream, but much of the water comes from beneath the ground. The water on and in Earth's crust makes up the hydrosphere, named after hydros, the Greek word for water. You learned about the hydrosphere in Chapter 1 in the...

Groundwater Weathering and Deposition

Groundwater Deposition

Chemical weathering of limestone by water causes the characteristic topography of karst areas. Real-World Reading Link You might have seen an old gravestone, statue, or sculpture that has been weathered by acidic water. Similar processes form limestone caves underground. Acids are aqueous solutions that contain hydrogen ions. Most groundwater is slightly acidic due to carbonic acid. Carbonic acid forms when carbon dioxide gas dissolves in water and combines with water molecules. This happens...

Mapping Our World

Glencoe Earth Science Latitude Longitude

Earth scientists use mapping technologies to investigate and describe the world. 2.1 Latitude and Longitude I iiBRii Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth. fT fldia Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms. H Biaa New technologies have changed the appearance and use of maps. Maps predate written history. The earliest known map was created as a cave painting in ancient Turkey. China spans five international time zones however, the entire country...

Global Practices of CSR in Context

Idowu and Walter Leal Filho Events around the world over the last few decades have emphasised the need for corporate entities, their stakeholders, governments and international organizations to take the issue of corporate social responsibility seriously. Incidents such as the explosion at Union Carbide in Bhopal, India in 1984, the oil spillage at Prince William Sound, Alaska USA in 1989, a few corporate scandals for example the Mirror Group UK 1991, Bank of Credit and Commerce...

Moderating Ratio

In a moderator, there is competition between elastic scattering, which produces the desired reduction in energy, and capture, which means the loss of the neutron. The competition depends on the relative magnitudes of the elastic scattering cross section aei and the capture cross section ac. A figure of merit for a moderator is the moderating ratio, defined as A good moderator is one in which and aei are high and ac is low. Properties of various moderators are presented in Table 7.2.10 9 Again,...

Symbols In General

Air Mass Symbols

The temperature data on a weather map gives an indication of the locations of fronts, where air masses having different characteristics come together. Most severe weather occurs near fronts. The isobars are kinked along the line of an intense or fast-moving front. Stormy weather tends to occur near these zones. Weather fronts are plotted as lines with bumps or barbs that indicate the type of front and the direction of movement. There are four major types of fronts. In a cold front, a cold air...

Air Pollution Meteorology Quiz

You may refer to the text in this chapter. A good score is 8 correct. Answers are in the back of the book. 1. Silver iodide is a chemical that is believed to increase the likelihood of a rain or snow, when it is scattered in clouds. b global warming, if it accumulates in the atmosphere. c global cooling, if it accumulated in the oceans. d the formation of amino acids in bodies of water. 2. Which of the following statements a , b , or c , if any, is false a The earth,...

Oceanic And Atmospheric Circulation Patterns

Eartj Atmospheric Circulation

More than half of the solar radiation reaching the earth's surface is absorbed by the oceans, where it is stored and redistributed, before being released back into the atmosphere. Ocean and atmosphere are quite intimately linked. The prevailing winds in the atmospheric circulation, for example, drive water across the ocean surface at speeds of less than 5 km per hour, in the form of broad, relatively shallow drifts. In some cases, they carry warm water polewards, in others, they carry cooler...

Historical Perspective Concerning Entropy And Caratheodorys Statement Of The Second Law

In his discussions of thermodynamic systems, Sommerfeld 1950, 1964, pp. 26-86 emphasizes that there are two parts to the second law. For the first part he states that all thermodynamic systems possess a property which is called entropy. It is calculated by imagining that the state of the system is changed from an arbitrarily selected reference state to the actual state through a sequence of states of equilibrium and by summing up the quotients of the quantity of heat introduced at each step and...

Indirect Solar Renewable Energy Technologies Possibilities And Problems

In addition to direct collection of solar energy several indirect sources of this important resource exist. They include the wind, powered by differential heating of the earth's surface, ocean currents (produced by a similar mechanism), hydroelectric, powered by solar-powered water evaporation and condensation into rivers, ocean thermal energy conversion (based on solar-heated surface layers of the tropical oceans), and ocean waves, driven by the wind and carrying energy with them as they...

Low Latitude Climatic Cycles in the Indian Ocean Monsoon Equatorial Pacific and Atlantic Upwelling

Tropical and subtropical oceanic pelagic ecosystem variability is also characterized by orbital frequencies during the past few million years. Moreover, tropical and subtropical oceanic biomes probably play a reciprocal role in long-term climate change by regulating atmospheric-ocean carbon fluxes during large-scale climatic oscillations. For example, near-surface productivity changes, which vary seasonally due to wind-induced upwelling, also vary over glacial-interglacial time scales. Glacial...

The General Circulation of the Atmosphere

Three Cell Circulation Model

19.1 Introduction - Historical Background Historically, there must been a time when people had little idea of a circulation in the earth's atmosphere. Few were aware that the wind at their locality was related to the wind at another location on the face of the earth. It appears that the first to visualize a circulation in the atmosphere was the British scientist, Halley 1686 , who made a detailed study of the wind systems over the tropical belt with the data then available and hypothesized that...

The Expected Magnitudes Of

There is every reason to expect local errors in heat addition A Qm both directly from the difficulties encountered in physical parameterization, and indirectly from numerical diffusion in simulating the long-range transport of energy and water substances. Indirect errors also stem from strong dependence of latent heat of phase changes and radiative flux on temperature and thus AT at the same time. However, Johnson (1997) noted that if the boundary conditions of energy flux are satisfied, then...

Brief Survey of the Atmosphere

The remainder of this chapter provides an overview of the optical properties, composition, and vertical structure of the Earth's atmosphere, the major wind systems, and the climatological-mean distribution of precipitation. It introduces some of the terminology that will be used in subsequent chapters and some of the conventions that will be used in performing calculations involving amounts of mass and rates of movement. The Earth's atmosphere is relatively transparent to incoming solar...

Solar Energy And The Upper Atmosphere

Reflected Back Radiation

In comparison with some of the far larger stars to be seen on a clear, dark night, our sun is often airily dismissed as a second-rate star. All the same, its energy output is impressive it produces 3.8 x 1026 J (joules) per second, without interruption. The rate at which a source yields energy is its power. Power is measured in watts (W), and one watt is one joule per second. Writing this as an equation, 1 W 1 J s-1. The sun's power therefore is 3.8 x 1026 watts, a quantity known as the solar...

Land and sea breezes

Sea Land Breezes Typical Scales

Another thermally induced wind regime is the land and sea breeze see Figure 6.11 . The vertical expansion of the air column that occurs during daytime heating over the more rapidly heated land see Chapter 3B.5 tilts the isobaric surfaces downward at the coast, causing onshore winds at the surface and a compensating offshore movement aloft. Typical land-sea pressure differences are of the order of 2 mb. At night, the air over the sea is warmer and the situation is reversed, although this...

Polar and Ferrel cells

Hadley Ferrel Polar

Extremely cold, dense air also subsides over the North and South Poles. It produces the two polar high-pressure regions. Air flows out from them and is deflected to become the polar easterly winds. Any object moving toward or away from the equator and not firmly attached to the surface does not travel in a straight line. As the diagram illustrates. It is deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Moving air and water tend to follow a clockwise...

Harvesting plankton

The losses of organic material that occur at each stage of a food chain are thought generally to amount to some 80-90 per cent. On this reckoning, 1 kg of phytoplankton provides about 100 g of herbivorous zooplankton, which in turn yields 10 g of first-rank carnivore, 1 g of second-rank carnivore, and so on. Most of the food that man takes from the sea comes from food chains involving several links, and therefore the harvest can be only a small fraction of the primary production. Some of the...

Zonation patterns

Intertidal Zone Beaches Food Web

The zonation of plants and animals is often clearly visible on rocky coastlines of the British Isles. An excellent summary of 'typical' patterns of zonation on sheltered, moderately exposed and exposed shores is given in Hawkins and Jones 1992 . For a fuller picture, students should refer to Lewis 1964 where a full account is given of distribution patterns on many different shores throughout the British Isles. Other useful references include Ballantine 1961 and Moyse and Nelson-Smith 1963 ....

Val Plumwood

The logic of domination and the deep structures of dualism create 'blind spots' in the dominant culture's understanding of its relationship to the biosphere, understandings which deny dependency and community to an even greater degree than in the case of human society. The distorted perceptions and mechanisms of denial which arise from the master rationality are an important reason why the dominant culture which embodies this identity in relation to nature cannot respond adequately to the...

Cold Fronts

Cross Section Cold Front

The basic feature of a cold front is the insinuation of a heavy, cold air mass under a lighter, warm one. The result of the cold air's advance is often the pattern of uplift, subsidence, clouds and rainfall shown in Figure 13.3, the classical Figure 13.2 Conventional depiction of the most common types of fronts and a trough on weather charts. The half-circles and or triangles are plotted on the forward side of the front. Figure 13.2 Conventional depiction of the most common types of fronts and...

Mountain Winds

Inversion Ocean Temperature Seabreeze

Mountains have several effects on winds. Firstly, there is generally an increase of velocity at higher levels, towards the speeds characteristic of the upper troposphere Figure 12.10 . Secondly, a strong wind perpendicular to a high and long range will undulate on the lee side if there happens to be a slightly higher inversion layer to bounce against. These undulations called lee waves yield lines of cloud fixed parallel and downwind of the mountains wherever the upper part of an undulation is...

Pueblo Indians and the Southwest

In the American Southwest, a long history of environmental adaptation by Amerindians preceded the arrival of the Spaniards in the sixteenth century a.d. Early peoples changed and evolved over time in relationship to changing environmental conditions. Paleo-Indians (meaning ancient or very ancient) lived in the Southwest from about 11,500 to 8,000 b.p. (before present) by hunting mammoth and bison. The Clovis culture derives its name from the long pointed arrowheads, found first in Clovis, New...

European Settlement of the Great Plains

The main settlement of the Great Plains occurred after the 1840 migrations to Oregon and the 1849 Gold Rush to California. Environmental historian William Cronon has interpreted the history of the Great Plains in terms of narrative. The grand narrative of America, Cronon argues, is a story of progress. The frontier narrative depicts that formative story and, as such, is the master narrative of American culture. A hostile environment, initially conceptualized as a Great American desert, was...

Mature Stage

Cross Section Tropical Cyclone

As the converging air spirals inwards, it becomes organised into bands of cloud that rotate slowly clockwise around the storm centre. The spiral bands of cloud are known as feeder bands because they feed heat and moisture into the central low pressure. This is essential for the continuing development of the cyclone, by providing energy into the storm system. At a certain distance from the centre of the low pressure, typically 20-40 km, the inflowing air suddenly turns upwards in a ring of...

The Differences Between Urban And Rural Weather And Climate

Differences Between Urban And Rural

Temperature is the largest climatic difference between the country and the city. In winter and summer, at night and in the daytime, cities are warmer than rural areas. On a hot summer day, the temperature difference can be as great as 10 F 6 C . The intensity of the temperature An Extreme Urban Heat Island Phoenix, Arizona Climatologists say that Phoenix, Arizona, and its environs also known as the Valley of the Sun is the world's foremost urban heat island. Phoenix lies at 33 N in the Sonora...

Methanol Based Chemical Products and Materials

Methnol Economy

Today, methanol is one of the most important feedstocks for the chemical industry. Most of the 32 million tonnes of methanol produced yearly are used for the production of a large variety of chemical products and materials, including such basic chemicals as formaldehyde, acetic acid and methyl-tert-butyl ether MTBE which is, however, phased out in most of the United States , as well as various polymers, paints, adhesives, construction materials and others. In processes for the production of...

Battery AH Ratings. C5, C20 and C100. What Does This Mean?

Part of designing an independent power system is calculating the amount of amp hours (AHs) your battery bank will need to keep your system operating between charges. All manufacturers provide amp hour ratings for their deep cycle batteries to try and make battery selection easy. However the problems begin when you see the same battery will have multiple AH ratings .

Ivan Labs El Sid Dc Circulating Pumps

The Ivan Labs El SID circulating pumps have been the best choice for solar hot water and radiant heat for the past few decades. For solar hot water they are used to pump water from the solar collector(s) to the heat exchanger and from the heat exchanger to the hot water tank heater. In a radiant heat application, there is usually one pump used per heating loop and they can be controlled separately by thermostats. This eliminates the need for zone valves.

Circulating Pumps for the Off Grid Home

It is almost inevitable you will require at least one circulating pump for your off the grid homestead. Whether it is for radiant home heating, keeping fish alive in a aquaponic system or making a home made air conditioning system, circulating pumps are very important. If you go to your local hardware store and buy the same circulating pump everyone else uses you will be surprised to find out it uses more electricity than most other items in your home.

Choosing a Pump for Your Aquaponics System

Choosing the correct pump for your aquaponics systems is as important or more important than choosing the right fish, bed material, tank size and grow bed size. Without the right pump your fish will die, your plants will die and your fun will come to an end very quickly. Some folks simply head to the hardware store, pool supply store or pond supply store and purchase the first pump they find or the first pump that the retailer recommends. Please do not buy your aquaponics pump this way.

Dump Loads for Solar, Wind and Microhydro

Dump loads a.k.a. diversion loads are are an important part of the off grid electric system. Most wind and water turbine installations will require them and most solar installations will benefit from a dump load. As we discussed in the dump load intro, a dump load is simply an electrical device (load) to send electricity to when the batteries are full or the extra power is not required. Solar panels are unique in that they can be short circuited and disconnected without any issue.

Glacier Zones

Glacier Zones

Glaciers have two main zones, or sections. The first zone is known as the accumulation zone. This is just what it sounds like. It is the part of the glacier that is building up or accumulating, the area that gets bigger in size and depth. The second zone is called the ablation zone. This is the part of the glacier that is shrinking. Accumulation zone more snow and ice Ablation zone less snow and ice Glaciers increase in colder periods when lots of snow falls. That's easy to remember Glaciers...

Acid Destruction Of Cultural Materials

Destruction From Acid Rain

Acid rain takes a toll on stone buildings and other structures including those that are culturally significant. Just as limestone and marble buffer acidic water, acid rain dissolves buildings and statues made of these materials. The decreased pH of rain and fog is taking its toll on cultural objects, a phenomenon that has long been recognized. In the same year that he coined the term acid rain 1856 , Robert Angus Smith wrote, It has often been observed that the stones and bricks of buildings,...

Science as a twofaced Janus actornetwork theory

Latour Diffusion Model

Actor-network theory can be viewed as an attempt to expand the explanatory capacity of the microsociological approaches to science discussed thus far. Developed by a group of scholars headed by Bruno Latour and Michel Callon, actor-network theory takes up the argument where laboratory studies left off. For the proponents of this approach, science has two faces, like the Janus of Roman mythology on the one hand there is 'ready-made' science on the other, science 'in the making' or research....

Band saturation

Co2 Saturation Spectrum

The core of the CO2 bend absorption band, between 600 and 800 cycles cm, looks smooth rather than jagged and it follows a blackbody spectrum from about 220 K. This is about as cold as the atmosphere gets, and if we change the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, the intensity of light in this range does not get any lower Fig. 4.5 . We call this phenomenon band saturation. You can see it in a series of model runs in which the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere goes up from 0 to 1000 ppm. The...

Lapse rate and the greenhouse effect

The steeper the lapse rate, the stronger the greenhouse effect. If the atmosphere were incompressible like water, and convection maintained a uniform temperature with Fig. 5.10 The layer model from Chapter 3 as it might look if we were to include convection. Convection carries heat vertically in the atmosphere, supplementing the heat carried by radiation. If we were to add convection to the layer model, it would require a few new arrows. Fig. 5.10 The layer model from Chapter 3 as it might look...

Timeline of the History of Hydrogen

First Fuel Cell Robert Grove

Jan Baptista van Helmont 1577 to 1644 was one of the first to reject the basic elements ofAristoteles. He discovered that air is not an element and that another air with different properties exists. He called it, based on the Greek word chaos which means empty space, according to the Dutch spelling gas. In the Middle Ages Paracelsus 1493 to 1541 is reported to have noted that a gas is yielded when iron is dissolved in spirit of vitriole. Turquet De Mayerne 1573-1655 noted that this gas was...

Gases In Outer Space

Outer space was once believed to be a perfect vacuum. But this is not the case. There is plenty of gaseous matter out there, and much of it is hydrogen and helium. There are also trace amounts of heavier gases, and plenty of solid rocks and ice chunks as well. All the atoms in outer space interact gravitationally with all the others. The motion of atoms in outer space is almost random, but not quite. The slightest perturbation in the randomness of the motion gives gravitation a chance to cause...

Siriono of Bolivia

Numbering about two thousand people at the time they were studied, the semi-nomadic Siriono inhabit a tropical area in Bolivia.7 They have few material possessions. Whereas good hunters have slightly higher status than average, Siriono society is basically egalitarian. Allan Holmberg reports that a form of chieftainship does exist, but the prerogatives of this office are few. Best hunter might be a better term than chief, for little attention is paid to what is said by a chief and the so-called...

Peer Pressure And Social Norms

The power of peer pressure to influence individual behavior is well documented in the social psychology literature. People's behavior, as it relates to environmental change, is influenced by the behavior of their peers and social norms what they perceive to be acceptable to others Black, Stern, amp Elworth, 1985 Cialdini, Reno, amp Kallgren, 1990 Darley, 1978 Jones, 1990 Kahle amp Beatty, 1987 Stern, Dietz, amp Black, 1986 Vining amp Ebreo, 1990 . Social approval and disapproval can play roles...

The Green Revolution

Cause Fossil Fuel Automobile

At just the point when agriculture was running out of unex-ploited tillable lands, technological breakthroughs in the 1950s and 1960s allowed it to continue increasing production through the use of marginal and depleted lands. This transformation is known as the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution resulted in the industrialization of agriculture. Part of the advance resulted from new hybrid food plants, leading to more productive food crops. Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution...

Obligations to future generations

Golding that accompanied this 1972 paper explained that it was highly speculative and an attempt to extend the author's article on a theory of human rights. Yet its explorations still have much relevance today, several decades later. It is another exploration of the nature of obligations, this time to future people. Questions of claims, moral communities, contracts and how far we can and should look into the future are all explored. T he notion of obligations to future...

CSR in Swedish Corporations

Up until the late 1990s, CSR was still not widely practiced by Swedish corporate entities. The number of organizations and individuals that were contributing to the propagation of CSR ideology in Sweden has increased dramatically only in the last decade. In this way, CSR has also become a widespread management idea within the Swedish business community. The number of corporations working with CSR issues in Sweden has radically increased. It is no longer those corporations that have received a...

The equatorial westerlies

Thermal Equator

In the summer hemisphere, and over continental areas especially, there is a narrow zone of generally westerly winds intervening between the two trade wind belts Figures 7.12 and 7.14 . This westerly system is well marked over Africa and South Asia in the northern hemisphere summer, when thermal heating over the Figure 7.12 Generalized global wind zones at 1000 mb in January A and July B . The boundary of westerly and easterly zonal winds is the zero line. Across much of the central Pacific the...

Job Responsibilities During Well Testing

Specific job responsibilities during well testing must be clearly defined before commencing with a well test. The responsibilities should be documented and agreed with all parties involved. Discussed below are generalised responsibilities, which should be considered when, defining responsibilities for a particular test. These should be reviewed with regard to the particular rig being used and prior to writing the detailed testing programme. The test programme may also include an organigram...

Prevent Recirculation of Equipment Exhaust

Your networking gear can get hot enough on its own and doesn't need help from its neighbors nor does it need to heat up its neighbors. The following are some simple steps you can employ in your datacenter to prevent exhaust from being reabsorbed by other devices. These are illustrated in Figure 4-6. 1. Hot-aisle cool aisle Employ the hot-aisle cool-aisle design mentioned earlier in this chapter. 2.

List Of Figures

Time Temperature Rating for Explosives TCP Absolute Pressure Firing Head Time Delay - example TCP Absolute Pressure Firing Head Time Delay - example contd. TCP Wireline Conveyed Firing Head Time Delay - example TCP Wireline Conveyed Firing Head Time Delay - example contd. TCP Dual Multi Action Firing Head - example TCP Dual Multi Action Firing Head - example contd. Schlumberger 10k Retrievable DST String Example, 7 Liner Schlumberger 10k Retrievable DST String Example, 9 5 8 Casing Schlumberger...

Background Leakage and Backlog Removal

Background leakage is generally defined as the leakage below the level of detection with current technology . The level of background leakage can be assessed using a number of methodologies.7 However, the level of background leakage is a function of the extent and method of leakage detection employed, which itself will have different operating costs associated with different levels of leakage. Therefore, a matrix of leakage detection costs versus level of background leakage can be derived, from...

Periodic Table Of The Elements

Element Krypton Subatomic Particles

Atomic number -Symbol -Atomic mass - The number in parentheses is the mass number of the longest lived isotope for that element. The names and symbols for elements 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, and 118 are temporary. Final names will be selected when the elements' discoveries are verified. Surrounding the nucleus of an atom are smaller particles called electrons. An electron e has little mass, but it has a negative electric charge that is exactly the same magnitude as the positive charge of a...

The Nature of Science

Geosphere The Center Crust Mantle Core

tl Eureka Slide SuperStock, tr Gavriel Jecan CORBIS, bl Stockbyte SuperStock, br Bob O'Connor Getty Images, bkgd Science VU GSFC Visuals Unlimited Earth scientists use specific methods to investigate Earth and beyond. Earth science encompasses five areas of study astronomy, meteorology, geology, oceanography, and environmental science. Jjjdjea Scientists use scientific methods to structure their experiments and investigations. Precise communication is crucial for scientists to share their...

Plants Poisonous To Ducks | And Other Things Ducks Shouldn't Eat

There are a few plants that can be poisonous to ducks that we need to watch out for. Our livestock animals are pretty good at avoiding toxic plants instinctively. However, it's good to know what not to throw to your ducks just to be safe I made a list but it's closer to the bottom of the post. In between that there are a bunch of individual questions answered.

Theories of ice ages past and future

What causes a warm world of flowing water and verdant growth to become a cold world of dry winds raking arid landscape This question has been the object of a long and continuing rumination, of more than a century of field investigation, theorizing, and debate. Along the way, a new history of Earth's climate has been written and a science of paleoclimatology invented. And yet, for all of the new techniques and powers of reasoning at their command, researchers cannot satisfactorily answer the...

Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act

Bald Eagle Protection Act

The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act Eagle Protection Act was passed in 1940 to prevent the extinction of the bald eagle and was amended in 1962 to include protection of the golden eagles 16 USC 668-668d . The Eagle Protection Act makes it unlawful to take, possess, sell, purchase, barter transport, export or import any bald eagle or golden eagle, their parts, nests, or eggs 16 USC 668 a . Take means to shoot at, poison, wound, kill, capture, trap, collect, molest or disturb, the eagles 16...

Aloe Vera Turning Brown | Troubleshooting Common Issues With Aloe Vera

It's a huge bummer when you see an aloe looking a little sad. If your aloe vera is turning brown and soft , then it may have some issues. Did you know Aloe vera is native to Africa It's considered a tropical plant, that is drought tolerant. Aloe is a succulent, and like many succulents, it has the ability to flower . Aloe vera is typically easy to grow.

Landforms of cold environments

Cold climates are known for many distinct types of landforms. These landforms are associated with freezing and subfreezing temperatures along with the presence of water. Cold climate processes are often linked to frost action. During the last major ice age, ice covered nearly one-third of the Earth's surface. The Northern Hemisphere was buried under a massive ice sheet up to 2 miles (3.2 km) thick in places. The ice extended from the North Pole southward to southern Illinois. Greenland was...

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

Weathering Moving Water Diagram

N deS Sediments produced by weathering and erosion form sedimentary rocks through the process of lithification. Real-World Reading Link Whenever you are outside, you might see pieces of broken rock, sand, and soil on the ground. What happens to this material With one heavy rain, these pieces of broken rock, sand, and soil could be on their way to becoming part of a sedimentary rock. Wherever rock is exposed at Earth's surface, it is continuously being broken down by weathering a set of physical...

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement Schedulesexamples

Although classical conditioning is relevant to current ecological issues, many Skinnerian analyses of operant principles have been applied directly (e.g., Nevin, 1985 Skinner, 1985, 1991). In fact, Skinner was one of the first psychologists to repeatedly relate the issues of resource depletion, pollution, and overpopulation to human survival. His best-selling novel Walden Two (1948) explored the question of utopia from a behavioral perspective, and is a thoughtful and provocative look at how...

Can Chickens Eat Apples? Do Apples Make Good Treats?

If you have chickens, you probably already know that they make pretty good garbage disposals. They eat almost everything in sight. Understanding what chickens can and cannot eat can be a little tricky. Today we're going to focus on apples. Can chickens eat apples GIVING CHICKENS TREATS LIKE APPLESGiving chickens treats can be a great way to entertain or distract them, especially when tension is high, while you're adding chickens to your flock.

Disadvantages Of Geothermal

Geothermal energy has few polluting problems itself, but there are some drawbacks in its processing. For example, steam can sometimes bring up toxic heavy metals, sulfur, minerals, salts, radon, and toxic gases. If water or steam is vented above ground as in an open-loop system, it can pollute. Scrubbers can filter out toxic components, but they produce hazardous sludge that has to be disposed of later. As we learned in Chapter 12, hazardous waste contaminates soil and potentially groundwater....

Assessment

Concept Map Water Cycle Tributary

Choose the vocabulary term from the Study Guide that 1. influenced by vegetation, precipitation, soil composition, and slope 2. the land area whose water drains into a stream 3. sediments that are transported by streams but are too large to be held up in suspension 4. the measure of the volume of stream water that flows over a particular location within a given period of time 5. the triangular deposit of sediment that forms where a stream enters a large body of water such as a lake or ocean 6....

The cold front

Weather Frontal Depression Plan View

The weather conditions observed at cold fronts are equally variable, depending upon the stability of the warm sector air and the vertical motion relative to the frontal zone. The classical cold front model is of the ana-type, and the cloud is usually cumulonimbus. Figure 9.15 illustrates the warm conveyor belt associated with such a frontal zone and the line convection. Over the British Isles, air in the warm sector is rarely unstable, so that nimbostratus occurs more frequently at the cold...

Cheese And Onion Enchiladas | No-Bake Easy Enchiladas

These are the easiest enchiladas that you'll ever make. These Cheese and Onion Enchiladas use my amazing Quick Enchilada Sauce Recipe. Which only takes about 10 minutes to make In just a minute I'm going to reveal to you why these enchiladas are so quick to make and so easy. Believe me, these are special and clever Featuring The Stacked Cheese And Onion Enchiladas Maybe like me, you learned to make rolled enchiladas, it wasn't until we lived in Texas that I even saw a flat or stacked enchilada.

Factors That Affect Hurricane Tracks

Upon analysis of past hurricane paths and their relationship to the surrounding weather systems, a correlation can be found between hurricane tracks and the conditions in the temperate zone. When a large area of low pressure exists to the west of a hurricane, the storm will at first be drawn toward this low-pressure region. Then the hurricane will be steered around the eastern edge of the low, where the winds come from the south. The hurricane moves northward into the belt of prevailing...

The Layers Of The Atmosphere

Layers The Atmosphere Ozone Layer

The composition of atmospheric gases is about the same at different altitudes, with the important exception of the ozone layer. Despite being similar in its composition throughout, the atmosphere is divided into layers that are defined primarily by temperature gradient, which is the change of temperature that occurs with distance or, in this case, altitude . The layer nearest the Earth's surface, rising from sea level to about 6 miles 11 km , is the troposphere. The primary heat source for the...

36 Paracord Projects For Preppers

First thing's first you have to make sure you know what you're working with. Check out Paracord 101 for more information on paracord before you start on your projects. With that, you should be all set to delve into these 36 paracord projects for preppers. 1. Paracord BeltKeep your paracord close to you with this versatile, functional DIY.

Raising Baby Ducks For Beginners

Ducks are a popular animal to raise on a homestead. Many people like ducks even more than they like their chickens My husband being one of those people. He says all the time that he wishes we started with ducks. Since we've been raising ducks for a few years now, I thought I would write about raising baby ducks for beginners . Ducks are so much fun and have great personalities.

Average Annual Temperature Sahara Desert In Salah Algeria

Taklamakan And Gobi Desert Map

MEDITERRANEAN SEA Algiers__Amiaba ji lt . DuaqadouooiV Bamako o , Atacama Desert, which lies along the coast of Chile. Atacama Desert, which lies along the coast of Chile. There is a striking difference between the Sahara and the Atacama Desert. The Sahara borders the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, but it is a huge area, most of which is a long way from the sea. The Atacama, on the other hand, comprises a narrow coastal strip bordering the South Pacific Ocean. The Namib Desert,...

The Settlement of New England

The settlement of New England by English Pilgrims and Puritans was motivated by religious desires and economic needs. The two groups Pilgrims and Puritans who came to New England differed slightly from each other. The Pilgrims (who were religious separatists) arrived onboard the Mayflower and settled Plymouth Colony in 1620, whereas the Puritans (who had hoped to purify the church from within) left England in a vast migration in 1630 and settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony. These two groups...

3 Awesome Reasons For Feeding Pumpkin To Chickens

Have you ever thought about whether chickens can eat pumpkins Fall time is in the air, and the pumpkin patches are open. The chickens will be so excited to get a special treat this season With extra nutrition and added fun, let's check out the reasons for feeding pumpkin to chickens . Chickens love snacking on pumpkins and their seeds. The best part is that it's a snack that will last for days What I like to do is to cut the pumpkin in half to help get it started for the chickens.

Underground Storage Tank

Leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs) containing hazardous liquids, primarily petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, or oil have contaminated the groundwater and drinking water of thousands of communities across the United States. Following the boom in automobile sales after World War II, gasoline stations mushroomed across the county to meet the demand for personal mobility. At these new stations, gasoline was stored underground in tanks made of bare steel, which were not...

Speleothems

Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope

Speleothems are mineral formations occurring in limestone caves, most commonly as stalagmites and stalactites, or slab-like deposits known as flowstones. They are composed primarily of calcium carbonate, precipitated from ground water that has percolated through the adjacent carbonate host rock. Certain trace elements may also be present often giving the deposit a characteristic color one of these, uranium, can be used to determine the age of a speleothem, as discussed in what follows....

Proxy data and proxy reconstructions

The lack of widespread instrumental climate records prior to the mid-19th century requires that we turn to proxy data in our attempts to reconstruct how the climate has changed over past centuries. When, as is typically the case in studies of the past millennium, our interest is primarily in annually resolved climate variations, we must turn to high-resolution climate proxy data, such as tree rings, corals, ice cores, and historical documentary records. Mann et al. 1998 assembled a network of...

Can Chickens Eat Celery?

Backyard chicken keepers may ask themselves, can chickens eat celery Chickens practically eat everything you throw at them. I've heard other chicken keepers call them garbage disposals. I've seen them take food out of my kid's hand They have no shame My chickens are giant goobers. We often call them stoopid chickens. That's the saying around here. Yes, I realize I spelled stupid incorrectly. It's spelled that way for extra emphasis My chickens actually ate some styrofoam.

Gustavegaspard de coriolis

General Circulation Atmosphere

Born in Paris on May 21, 1792, Coriolis was a French engineer and mathematician who first described the force of motion on a rotating body, which has come to be called the Coriolis force. It is the apparent path of deflection of an object as it passes over the rotating Earth. If an object is launched, it will not land in a straight trajectory but be offset depending on the rate of movement of the object and the rate of movement of the Earth underneath. This concept was very important to the...

Trade winds and Hadley cells

Southern Hemisphere Trade Winds

Air over the equator is heated strongly by contact with the warm surface. The warm air rises all the way to the tropopause. There, trapped beneath the tropopause, it moves away from the equator. Cooler air flows toward the equator at low level, to take its place. Moving air tends to turn in a circle. This is called vorticity and it is why the water usually forms a spiral, or vortex, when it flows out of a bathtub. As the cool air moves toward the equator its vorticity swings it to the right in...

Heat Balance of the Earth Atmosphere System Heat Sources and Sinks

Downward Shortwave Radiation Albedo

10.1 Introduction - definition of heat sources and sinks We showed in Chap. 8 that the intensity of the incoming solar radiation at the earth's surface varies widely with latitude and the transmissivity of the overlying atmosphere, being, in the annual mean, maximum at the equator and minimum at the poles. As against this and as shown by measurements and computations, the intensity of the outgoing longwave radiation varies only slightly with latitude. Thus, the difference between the incoming...

East Asian And Australian Summer Monsoons

Image Monsoon Through

China has no equivalent to India's hot, pre-monsoon season. The low-level, northeasterly winter monsoon reinforced by subsiding air from the upper westerlies persists in north China, and even in the south it begins to be replaced by maritime tropical air only in April to May. Thus at Guangzhou Canton , mean temperatures rise from only 17 C in March to 27 C in May, some 6 C lower than the mean values over northern India. Westerly depressions are most frequent over China in spring see Figure...

Components of the Earth System

This section introduces the cast of characters and briefly describes their roles and interrelations in the ongoing drama of climate. The atmosphere, which in some sense plays the starring role, has already been introduced in Chapter 1. The interplay between atmospheric radiation and convection regulates the temperature at the Earth's surface, setting the limits for snow and ice cover and for the various life zones in the biosphere. The stratospheric ozone layer protects the biosphere from the...

World Rainfall Distribution Seasonal Changes Monsoons

The distribution of rainfall by latitude over the globe at the present epoch is shown in fig. 15. The greatest total is yielded by the equatorial rains, produced in the massive uplift of air and towering clouds in the zone of colivergence between the wind systems of the two hemispheres the socalled intertropical convergence. The moisture content of the air is greatest in this zone because of the enormous uptake by evaporation from the warmest oceans in the world (and also into the warm air from...